Thursday 30 July 2009
Snakes sense of smell
Snakes use smell to track their prey. It smells by using its forked tongue to collect airborne particles then passing them to the Jacobson's organ or the Vomeronasal organ in the mouth for examination.[32] The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell and taste simultaneously.[32] The snake keeps its tongue constantly in motion, sampling particles from the air, ground, and water analyzing the chemicals found and determining the presence of prey or predators in its local environment.[32]
Perception Eyesight
Snake vision varies greatly, from only being able to distinguish light from dark to keen eyesight, but the main trend is that their vision is adequate although not sharp, and allows them to track movements.[31] Generally, vision is best in arboreal snakes and weakest in burrowing snakes. Some snakes, such as the Asian vine snake (genus Ahaetulla), have binocular vision, with both eyes capable of focusing on the same point. Most snakes focus by moving the lens back and forth in relation to the retina, while in the other amniote groups, the lens is stretched.
Feeding and diet
All snakes are strictly carnivorous, eating small animals including lizards, other snakes, small mammals, birds, eggs, fish, snails or insects.[6]:81[7][33] Because snakes cannot bite or tear their food to pieces, a snake must swallow its prey whole. The body size of a snake has a major influence on its eating habits. Smaller snakes eat smaller prey. Juvenile pythons might start out feeding on lizards or mice and graduate to small deer or antelope as an adult, for example.
The snake's jaw is a complex structure. Contrary to the popular belief that snakes can dislocate their jaws, snakes have a very flexible lower jaw, the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in their skull (see snake skull), allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself,[33] as snakes do not chew. For example, the African Egg-eating Snake has flexible jaws adapted for eating eggs much larger than the diameter of its head.[6]:81 This snake has no teeth, but does have bony protrusions on the inside edge of its spine which are used to aid in breaking the shells of the eggs it eats.[6]:81
While the majority of snakes eat a variety of prey animals, there is some specialization by some species. King cobras and the Australian Bandy-bandy consume other snakes. Pareas iwesakii and other snail-eating Colubrids of subfamily Pareatinae have more teeth on the right side of their mouths than on the left, as the shells of their prey usually spiral clockwise[6]:184[34]
Some snakes have a venomous bite, which they use to kill their prey before eating it.[33][35] Other snakes kill their prey by constriction.[33] Still others swallow their prey whole and alive.[6]:81[33]
After eating, snakes become dormant while the process of digestion takes place.[36] Digestion is an intense activity, especially after consumption of very large prey. In species that feed only sporadically, the entire intestine enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy, and the digestive system is 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. Being cold-blooded (ectothermic), the surrounding temperature plays a large role in a snake's digestion. 30℃ is the ideal temperature for snakes to digest their food. So much metabolic energy is involved in a snake's digestion that in Crotalus durissus, the Mexican rattlesnake, an increase of body temperature to as much as 1.2℃ above the surrounding environment has been observed.[37] Because of this, a snake disturbed after having eaten recently will often regurgitate its prey in order to be able to escape the perceived threat. When undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient, with the snake's digestive enzymes dissolving and absorbing everything but the prey's hair and claws, which are excreted along with waste.
Internal organs
The snake's heart is encased in a sac, called the pericardium, located at the bifurcation of the bronchi. The heart is able to move around, however, owing to the lack of a diaphragm. This adjustment protects the heart from potential damage when large ingested prey is passed through the esophagus. The spleen is attached to the gall bladder and pancreas and filters the blood. The thymus gland is located in fatty tissue above the heart and is responsible for the generation of immune cells in the blood. The cardiovascular system of snakes is also unique for the presence of a renal portal system in which the blood from the snake's tail passes through the kidneys before returning to the heart.[38]
The vestigial left lung is often small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin.[38] In the majority of species, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion which does not function in gas exchange.[38] This 'saccular lung' is used for hydrostatic purposes to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species.[38] Many organs that are paired, such as kidneys or reproductive organs, are staggered within the body, with one located ahead of the other.[38] Snakes have no colenary bladder or lymph nodes.[38]
Locomotion
The lack of limbs does not impede the movement of snakes, and they have developed several different modes of locomotion to deal with particular environments. Unlike the gaits of limbed animals, which form a continuum, each mode of snake locomotion is discrete and distinct from the others, and transitions between modes are abrupt.[39][40]
Lateral undulation
See also: Lateral undulation
Lateral undulation is the sole mode of aquatic locomotion, and the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion.[40] In this mode, the body of the snake alternately flexes to the left and right, resulting in a series of rearward-moving 'waves'.[39] While this movement appears rapid, snakes have been documented moving faster than two body-lengths per second, often much less.[41] This mode of movement is similar to running in lizards of the same mass.[42]
Terrestrial
Terrestrial lateral undulation is the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion for most snake species.[39] In this mode, the posteriorly moving waves push against contact points in the environment, such as rocks, twigs, irregularities in the soil, etc.[39] Each of these environmental objects, in turn, generates a reaction force directed forward and towards the midline of the snake, resulting in forward thrust while the lateral components cancel out.[43] The speed of this movement depends upon the density of push-points in the environment, with a medium density of about 8 along the snake's length being ideal.[41] The wave speed is precisely the same as the snake speed, and as a result, every point on the snake's body follows the path of the point ahead of it, allowing snakes to move through very dense vegetation and small openings.[43]
Aquatic
When swimming, the waves become larger as they move down the snake's body, and the wave travels backwards faster than the snake moves forwards.[44] Thrust is generated by pushing their body against the water, resulting in the observed slip. In spite of overall similarities, studies show that the pattern of muscle activation is different in aquatic vs terrestrial lateral undulation, which justifies calling them separate modes.[45] All snakes can laterally undulate forward (with backward-moving waves), but only sea snakes have been observed reversing the pattern, i.e. moving backwards via forward-traveling waves.[39]
Sidewinding
See also: Sidewinding
Most often employed by colubroid snakes (colubrids, elapids, and vipers) when the snake must move in an environment which lacks any irregularities to push against (and which therefore renders lateral undulation impossible), such as a slick mud flat, or a sand dune. Sidewinding is a modified form of lateral undulation in which all of the body segments oriented in one direction remain in contact with the ground, while the other segments are lifted up, resulting in a peculiar 'rolling' motion.[46][47] This mode of locomotion overcomes the slippery nature of sand or mud by pushing off with only static portions on the body, thereby minimizing slipping.[46] The static nature of the contact points can be shown from the tracks of a sidewinding snake, which show each belly scale imprint, without any smearing. This mode of locomotion has very low caloric cost, less than ⅓ of the cost for a lizard or snake to move the same distance.[42] Contrary to popular beliefs, there is no evidence that sidewinding is associated with hot sand.[46]
Concertina locomotion
See also: Concertina movement
When push-points are absent, but there is not enough space to use sidewinding because of lateral constraints, such as in tunnels, snakes rely on concertina locomotion.[39][47] In this mode, the snake braces the posterior portion of its body against the tunnel wall while the front of the snake extends and straightens.[46] The front portion then flexes and forms an anchor point, and the posterior is straightened and pulled forwards. This mode of locomotion is slow and very demanding, up to seven times the cost of laterally undulating over the same distance.[42] This high cost is due to the repeated stops and starts of portions of the body as well as the necessity of using active muscular effort to brace against the tunnel walls.
Rectilinear locomotion
See also: Rectilinear locomotion
The slowest mode of snake locomotion is rectilinear locomotion, which is also the only one in which the snake does not need to bend its body laterally, though it may do so when turning.[48] In this mode, the belly scales are lifted and pulled forward before being placed down and the body pulled over them. Waves of movement and stasis pass posteriorly, resulting in a series of ripples in the skin.[48] The ribs of the snake do not move in this mode of locomotion and this method is most often used by large pythons, boas, and vipers when stalking prey across open ground as the snake's movements are subtle and harder to detect by their prey in this manner.[46]
Other
The movement of snakes in arboreal habitats has only recently been studied.[49] While on tree branches, snakes use several modes of locomotion depending on species and bark texture.[49] In general, snakes will use a modified form of concertina locomotion on smooth branches, but will laterally undulate if contact points are available[49]. Snakes move faster on small branches and when contact points are present, in contrast to limbed animals, which do better on large branches with little 'clutter'[49].
Gliding snakes (Chrysopelea) of Southeast Asia launch themselves from branch tips, spreading their ribs and laterally undulating as they glide between trees.[46][50][51] These snakes can perform a controlled glide for hundreds of feet depending upon launch altitude and can even turn in mid-air.[46][50]
Reproduction
Although a wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes, all snakes employ internal fertilization, accomplished by means of paired, forked hemipenes, which are stored inverted in the male's tail.[52] The hemipenes are often grooved, hooked, or spined in order to grip the walls of the female's cloaca.[52]
Most species of snake lay eggs, and most of those species abandon them shortly after laying; however, individual species such as the King cobra actually construct nests and stay in the vicinity of the hatchlings after incubation.[52] Most pythons coil around their egg-clutches after they have laid them and remain with the eggs until they hatch.[53] The female python will not leave the eggs, except to occasionally bask in the sun or drink water and will generate heat to incubate the eggs by shivering.[53]
Some species of snake are ovoviviparous and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch.[54][55] Recently, it has been confirmed that several species of snake are fully viviparous, such as the boa constrictor and green anaconda, nourishing their young through a placenta as well as a yolk sac, which is highly unusual among reptiles, or anything else outside of placental mammals.[54][55] Retention of eggs and live birth are most often associated with colder environments, as the retention of the young within the female.[52][55]
Venom
See also: Snake venom
Cobras, vipers, and closely related species use venom to immobilize or kill their prey. The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs.[6]:243 The fangs of 'advanced' venomous snakes like viperids and elapids are hollow in order to inject venom more effectively, while the fangs of rear-fanged snakes such as the Boomslang merely have a groove on the posterior edge to channel venom into the wound. Snake venoms are often prey specific, its role in self-defense is secondary.[6]:243 Venom, like all salivary secretions, is a pre-digestant which initiates the breakdown of food into soluble compounds allowing for proper digestion and even "non-venomous" snake bites (like any animal bite) will cause tissue damage.[6]:209
Certain birds, mammals, and other snakes such as kingsnakes that prey on venomous snakes have developed resistance and even immunity to certain venom.[6]:243 Venomous snakes include three families of snakes and do not constitute a formal classification group used in taxonomy. The term poisonous snake is mostly incorrect – poison is inhaled or ingested whereas venom is injected.[56] There are, however, two exceptions – Rhabdophis sequesters toxins from the toads it eats then secretes them from nuchal glands to ward off predators, and a small population of garter snakes in Oregon retains enough toxin in their liver from the newts they eat to be effectively poisonous to local small predators such as crows and foxes.[57]
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins and are stored in poison glands at the back of the head.[57] In all venomous snakes these glands open through ducts into grooved or hollow teeth in the upper jaw.[6]:243[56] These proteins can potentially be a mix of neurotoxins (which attack the nervous system), hemotoxins (which attack the circulatory system), cytotoxins, bungarotoxins and many other toxins that affect the body in different ways.[56] Almost all snake venom contains hyaluronidase, an enzyme that ensures rapid diffusion of the venom.[6]:243
Venomous snakes that use hemotoxins usually have the fangs that secrete the venom in the front of their mouths, making it easier for them to inject the venom into their victims.[56] Some snakes that use neurotoxins, such as the mangrove snake, have their fangs located in the back of their mouths, with the fangs curled backwards.[58] This makes it both difficult for the snake to use its venom and for scientists to milk them.[56] Elapid snakes, however, such as cobras and kraits are proteroglyphous, possessing hollow fangs which cannot be erected toward the front of their mouths and cannot "stab" like a viper, they must actually bite the victim.[6]:242
It has recently been suggested that all snakes may be venomous to a certain degree, the harmless snakes having weak venom and no fangs.[59]. Most snakes that are considered non-venomous would still be considered harmless under this theory, because under most cases the snakes have no way of delivering much or any venom, certainly not enough to kill a human. Also under this theory, snakes may have evolved from a common lizard ancestor that was venomous, from which venomous lizards like the gila monster and beaded lizard may have also derived, as well as the monitor lizards and now extinct mosasaurs. They share this venom clade with various other saurian species.
Venomous snakes are classified in two taxonomic families:
- Elapids – cobras including king cobras, kraits, mambas, Australian copperheads, sea snakes, and coral snakes.[58]
- Viperids – vipers, rattlesnakes, copperheads/cottonmouths, adders and bushmasters.[58]
There is a third family containing the opistoglyphous (rear-fanged) snakes as well as the majority of other snake species:
- Colubrids – boomslangs, tree snakes, vine snakes, mangrove snakes, although not all colubrids are venomous.[6]:209[58]
Interactions with humans
Snake bite
Snakes do not ordinarily prey on humans and most will not attack humans unless the snake is startled or injured, preferring instead to avoid contact. With the exception of large constrictors, non-venomous snakes are not a threat to humans. The bite of non-venomous snakes is usually harmless because their teeth are designed for grabbing and holding, rather than tearing or inflicting a deep puncture wound. Although the possibility of an infection and tissue damage is present in the bite of a non-venomous snake, venomous snakes present far greater hazard to humans.[6]:209
Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon. Non-fatal bites from venomous snakes may result in the need for amputation of a limb or part thereof. Of the roughly 725 species of venomous snakes worldwide, only 250 are able to kill a human with one bite. Although Australia is home to the largest number of venomous snakes in the world,[citation needed] it only has one fatal snake bite per year on average. In India, 250,000 snakebites are recorded in a single year with as many as 50,000 recorded initial deaths.[63]
The treatment for a snakebite is as variable as the bite itself. The most common and effective method is through antivenom, a serum made from the venom of the snake. Some antivenom is species specific (monovalent) while some is made for use with multiple species in mind (polyvalent). In the United States for example, all species of venomous snakes are pit vipers, with the exception of the coral snake. To produce antivenin, a mixture of the venoms of the different species of rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted from the immunized horse and freeze-dried. It is reconstituted with sterile water and becomes antivenin. For this reason, people who are allergic to horses cannot be treated using antivenin. Antivenin for the more dangerous species (such as mambas, taipans, and cobras) is made in a similar manner in India, South Africa, and Australia with the exception being that those antivenins are species-specific.
Snake charmers
In some parts of the world, especially in India, snake charming is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In such a show, the snake charmer carries a basket that contains a snake that he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flutelike musical instrument, to which the snake responds.[64] Snakes lack external ears, and though they do have internal ears, they show no tendency to be influenced by music.[64]
The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 in India technically proscribes snake charming on grounds of reducing animal cruelty. Other snake charmers also have a snake and mongoose show, where both the animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the snakes, as well as the mongooses, may be seriously injured or killed. Snake charming as a profession is dying out in India because of competition from modern forms of entertainment and environment laws proscribing the practice.[64]
Snake trapping
The tribals of "Irulas" from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in India have been hunter-gatherers in the hot dry plains forests and have practiced this art for generations. They have a vast knowledge of snakes in the field. Irulas generally catch the snakes with the help of a simple stick. Earlier, the Irulas caught thousands of snakes for the snake-skin industry. After the complete ban on snake-skin industry in India and protection of all snakes under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, they formed the Irula Snake Catcher's Cooperative and switched to catching snakes for removal of venom, releasing them in the wild after four extractions. The venom so collected is used for producing life-saving antivenin, biomedical research and for other medicinal products.[65] The Irulas are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages.
Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers. Modern day snake trapping involves a herpetologist using a long stick with a "V" shaped end. Some like Bill Haast, Austin Stevens, and JefSnake trapping
The tribals of "Irulas" from Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in India have been hunter-gatherers in the hot dry plains forests and have practiced this art for generations. They have a vast knowledge of snakes in the field. Irulas generally catch the snakes with the help of a simple stick. Earlier, the Irulas caught thousands of snakes for the snake-skin industry. After the complete ban on snake-skin industry in India and protection of all snakes under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, they formed the Irula Snake Catcher's Cooperative and switched to catching snakes for removal of venom, releasing them in the wild after four extractions. The venom so collected is used for producing life-saving antivenin, biomedical research and for other medicinal products.[65] The Irulas are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages.
Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers. Modern day snake trapping involves a herpetologist using a long stick with a "V" shaped end. Some like Bill Haast, Austin Stevens, and Jeff Corwin prefer to catch them using bare hands.
Snake charmers
In some parts of the world, especially in India, snake charming is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In such a show, the snake charmer carries a basket that contains a snake that he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flutelike musical instrument, to which the snake responds.[64] Snakes lack external ears, and though they do have internal ears, they show no tendency to be influenced by music.[64]
The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 in India technically proscribes snake charming on grounds of reducing animal cruelty. Other snake charmers also have a snake and mongoose show, where both the animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the snakes, as well as the mongooses, may be seriously injured or killed. Snake charming as a profession is dying out in India because of competition from modern forms of entertainment and environment laws proscribing the practice.[64]
Snake bite
Snakes do not ordinarily prey on humans and most will not attack humans unless the snake is startled or injured, preferring instead to avoid contact. With the exception of large constrictors, non-venomous snakes are not a threat to humans. The bite of non-venomous snakes is usually harmless because their teeth are designed for grabbing and holding, rather than tearing or inflicting a deep puncture wound. Although the possibility of an infection and tissue damage is present in the bite of a non-venomous snake, venomous snakes present far greater hazard to humans.[6]:209
Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon. Non-fatal bites from venomous snakes may result in the need for amputation of a limb or part thereof. Of the roughly 725 species of venomous snakes worldwide, only 250 are able to kill a human with one bite. Although Australia is home to the largest number of venomous snakes in the world,[citation needed] it only has one fatal snake bite per year on average. In India, 250,000 snakebites are recorded in a single year with as many as 50,000 recorded initial deaths.[63]
The treatment for a snakebite is as variable as the bite itself. The most common and effective method is through antivenom, a serum made from the venom of the snake. Some antivenom is species specific (monovalent) while some is made for use with multiple species in mind (polyvalent). In the United States for example, all species of venomous snakes are pit vipers, with the exception of the coral snake. To produce antivenin, a mixture of the venoms of the different species of rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted from the immunized horse and freeze-dried. It is reconstituted with sterile water and becomes antivenin. For this reason, people who are allergic to horses cannot be treated using antivenin. Antivenin for the more dangerous species (such as mambas, taipans, and cobras) is made in a similar manner in India, South Africa, and Australia with the exception being that those antivenins are species-specific.
Venomous snake
Venomous snakes include several families of snakes and do not form a single taxonomic group. This has been interpreted to mean that venom in snakes originated more than once as the result of convergent evolution. Evidence has recently been presented for the Toxicofera hypothesis however; if correct, venom was present (in small amounts) in the ancestor of all snakes (as well as several lizard families) as 'toxic saliva' and evolved to extremes in those snake families normally classified as venomous by parallel evolution. The Toxicofera hypothesis further implies that 'non-venomous' snake lineages have either lost the ability to produce venom (but may still have lingering venom pseudogenes) or actually do produce venom in small quantities, likely sufficient to assist in small prey capture, but not normally cause harm to humans if bitten.
Venomous snakes are often said to be poisonous, although this is not the correct term, as venoms and poisons are different. Poisons can be absorbed by the body, such as through the skin or digestive system, while venoms must first be introduced directly into tissues or the blood stream through mechanical means. It is, for example, therefore harmless to drink snake venom as long as there are no lacerations inside the mouth or digestive tract.[1]
Many other snakes, such as boas and pythons may not be venomous, but their bites should be attended to medically. Their teeth may be long and sharp, capable of inflicting lacerations, with bites often introducing mouth bacteria and shed teeth into the wound.
Snakes sight
A snake’s vision is mainly used for detecting movement of prey. They have difficulty seeing motionless prey or enemies. Objects probably appear as a blur at 40 feet, but at 10 to 15 feet, the objects appear sharper. The vision of many snakes, like the rattlesnake, is better suited for nocturnal searching. Some species, such as racers and garter snakes, have eyes specialized for daytime activity. Snakes appear to stare at their prey because they have no eyelids. The eyes of snakes are lidless, but are protected by a tough, transparent covering, or scale, that is shed with the skin. The pupil or the black portion of a rattlesnake’s eye is elliptical, not round as found with the nonvenomous snakes.
Why i like Snakes
I like snakes because they are my favourite animals, and they are vicious and extraordinary creatures. Their fangs are sharp, hilarious, and freaky. wonderful arent they.
give us some feedbacks on sankes. share your knowledge with the world
give us some feedbacks on sankes. share your knowledge with the world
Advanced Ritual Art
A Ritual Spell can be used to summon Ritual monsters from your hand or deck by sending monsters from your hand or your side of the field to the Graveyard. The card is notable for making the aforementioned monsters playable, both of which had been deemed unplayable at a competitive level. Since its release it has been used in a "One Turn Kill" variant. Advanced Ritual Art would be used to Summon Demise, King of Armageddon by sending 2 Insect-type monsters to the Graveyard. Demise's effect would then clear all other cards from the field, while the player special summons Doom Dozer by removing the insects from their Graveyard. Then, a combination of Megamorph and Metamorphosis allows the player to summon Cyber Twin Dragon and attack for over ten thousand damage!
Exodia
Also known by its full title "Exodia the Forbidden One" (and at one time, the Great Defender of Egypt), Exodia is commonly perceived in the anime and manga as being among the strongest of all Duel Monsters. Although Exodia is typically shown as being summoned and attacking in the anime, its actual effect activates in the hand: players who gather all five Exodia parts in their hand can declare an automatic victory, regardless of Life Points. Exodia is split into a head, and four limbs (two arms and two legs). The story of why and how it was split and sealed is revealed in the final season, when its original master Shimon fragmented it because it was too powerful. However, when Zorc attacked the palace, Shimon released the beast to do battle with him. Although the two traded blows with near-equal power, Exodia lost because it was summoned by Shimon's energy, and thus when Shimon could no longer power it, Exodia was destroyed by Zorc.
Exodia has a few counterpart cards. Exodia Necross, a ghostly, necromantic version of it, which is summoned by the effect of the Spell Card Contract with Exodia. Exodius the Ultimate Forbidden Lord, which is summoned by returning all monsters in the Graveyard to your deck, and when it attacks, you can send any normal monster to the grave from your deck, when all "the Forbidden One" cards are sent to the graveyard by its effect, the player wins the game. And Exxod, Master of the Guard, found it the Structure Deck "Invincible Fortress". However, unlike the other versions of Exodia, Exxod, Master of the Guard is an Earth-attribute monster, rather than a Dark-attribute monster. Exodia is one of the few monsters with an Egyptian appearance, despite the Egyptian theme in Yu-Gi-Oh.
Earthbound Immortals
Known as Earthbound Gods (jibakushin) in the Japanese version, Earthbound Immortals are powerful monsters used by the Dark Signers in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's. Each of them represents one of the Nazca Lines which, in the anime, are powerful beasts that threatened the world 5000 years ago. When summoned, they absorb souls in order to give them power. Earthbound Immortals are particularly powerful in that they have the ability to attack the player directly and can not be chosen as an attack target, although the anime often introduces scenarios in which they can attack monsters and be attacked themselves. Also in the anime, they are immune to traps that directly effect them. They require a field spell to be active in order to be summoned, and they are destroyed if the field spell is destroyed (in the anime, this simply negates their effects.) There are seven Earthbound Immortal monsters, Uru, Ccapac Apu, Cusillu, Ccarayhua, Aslla Piscu, Chacu Challua and Wiraqocha Rasca
Lightsworns
A series of LIGHT monsters who's effects are based on sending cards from the top of your Deck to the Graveyard, whether it be for a cost of a particular card or the effect of a Lightsworn monster. Due to the speed at which this archetype depletes the number of cards in your deck, running out of cards and decking out is always a risk. However, many of the Lightsworns are built for speed and ending the game quickly. In addition, the deck has a boss monster known as Judgment Dragon, which can basically reset the field and strike for heavy amounts of damage. If built correctly, sending cards from the top of your deck to the graveyard each turn will help the player much more than hurt him, and Lightsworn can be a deadly, and often frustrating, deck to be paired off against. A way to counter this is to use a removal deck, 'Banisher of Radiance' is useful because any cards sent to the graveyard are removed from play instead, if you activate 'Return from the Different Dimension' for half your LP you can Special summon your removed monsters.
The Five Dragons
Five Dragon/Synchro monsters who pay a pivotal role in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's, which introduces the concept of Synchro/Tuner monsters into the game. Each dragon is the signature card of one of "Signers", the series' main characters. So far only four dragons were revealed: Stardust Dragon (Yusei Fudo), Red Dragon Archfiend (Jack Atlas), Black Rose Dragon (Akiza) and Ancient Fairy Dragon (Luna). It is unknown if Power Tool Dragon (Leo) is included, as in a vision of Luna's, she sees a similar dragon among the other four participating in a battle, but being a robot, Power Tool Dragon itself could not have part of such an ancient battle. More powerful forms of Stardust Dragon and Red Dragon Archfiend called Assault Mode can be used with the respective trap card. A tuner monster called Salvation Dragon - Savior Dragon can be tuned with Stardust Dragon or Red Dragon Archfiend and another Lv1 monster to Synchro Summon the more powerful Savior Star Dragon and Savior Demon Dragon. It is not yet known if the other dragons have Saviour versions.
Sacred Beasts
The Sacred Beasts (三幻魔 Sangenma, Three Phantom Demons in the Japanese anime) are prominent plot points in Yu-Gi-Oh! GX. Known as Uria, Lord of Searing Flames, Hamon, Lord of Striking Thunder, and Raviel, Lord of Phantasms. They are dark counterparts to the God cards, but their history and reason for existing are not made clear. The Chancellor of Duel Academy mentions a legend that they have the power to destroy Duel Monster cards by absorbing their energy, and they were thus sealed on the island. Like the God cards, the Beasts are depicted as the most powerful of all Duel Monsters in GX and serve essentially the same purpose as the God cards did in the original anime.
The main antagonist of the first season, Kagemaru, used the cards to drain energy to rejuvenate his aged body, but was defeated. The antagonist of the third season, Yubel, also used them for the same purpose of rejuvenating itself. Yubel also reveals the Sacred Beasts have a combined form, Armitael, Phantasm of Chaos, although its design and role differ greatly from the combined form of the God Cards. These monsters reflect the Egyptian God Cards; Slifer the Sky Dragon, Winged Dragon of Ra & Obelisk the Tormentor.
Uria, Lord of Searing Flames, is the counterpart of Slifer the Sky Dragon. Hamon, Lord of Striking Thunder, is the counterpart of The Winged Dragon of Ra. Raviel, Lord of Phantasms, is the counterpart of Obelisk the Tormentor.[citation needed] The Sacred Beasts are very much like a zombie/dead version of the Egyptian Gods. The Sacred Beast Cards work well with any duelist playing a Chaos deck.[citation needed] However, unlike the Egyptian God Cards, Sacred Beast Cards are not immune to trap, spell and monster effect cards.[2Dark magician
A Level 7 Monster Card that can be obtained through Yugi's Starter Deck and spellcaster-themed decks. There are various versions of Dark Magician, in which the spellcaster's hair is different-coloured and poses vary.
In the manga and anime, Yugi often uses the Dark Magician against various foes, making it his signature monster card. When in a duel against a strong foe (Maximillion Pegasus), Yugi often 'evolves' Dark Magician to stronger forms using ritual and spell cards. The Magician of Black Chaos and Dark Magician of Chaos (Dark Magician was sacrificed with Jigen Bakudan) are examples of its more powerful forms, along with Sorcerer Of Dark Magic, Dark Sage and Dark Eradicator Warlock.
In the Trading Card Game, this card is pretty weak, since there are many cards with more ATK and/or useful effects that also require 2 sacrifices to summon. To account for this, many cards were released with superior effects with Dark Magician as a requirement to play e.g 'Dark Magic Attack'. Also cards that make the Dark Magician easier to summon, such as 'Skilled Dark Magician', help keep the Dark Magician just about useable.
There is another Dark Magician type monster called Dark Magician Girl, which Yugi starts using in the Battle City arc of the manga and anime. Whilst it is weaker than Dark Magician, it gains attack points for every Dark Magician in either Graveyard.
In the final arc of the manga and anime, a priest named Mahad served under Pharoah Atem, using the Millenium Ring. In a fatal battle against Bakura, he allows himself to be killed so his spirit can become the Dark Magician. His apprentice, Mana, later becomes Dark Magician Girl.
A Dark Sage named Torunka appears in Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's, albeit his age is reverted to that of a child due to a curse.
Cyber Dragon
Cyber Dragon/Cyberdark Dragon
Cyber Dragon is the signature card used by Zane Truesdale in the Yu-Gi-Oh! GX anime, and a staple for many tournament decks. Cyber Dragon is a five star monster that can be special summoned if your opponent has a monster on the field but you don't. Many decks would consist of 3 Cyber Dragons, although currently the ruling limits players to one Cyber Dragon per deck. The Cyberdark cards are the counterpart to the Cyber Dragon series, and make their debut in season 2 of GX. They consist of Cyberdark Keel, Cyberdark Edge and Cyberdark Horn, and they can be fused to create Cyberdark Dragon. The Cyberdark strategy revolves around equipping Level 3 or lower Dragon-type monsters and gaining their attack strength, or fusing them to create Cyberdark Dragon who can equip any dragon in the grave, as well as gain attack power proportionate to the number of monsters in your graveyard.
[edit] Cyber-Stein
Cyber-Stein or Devil Franken in the OCG , which is named after Frankenstein. At the cost of 5000 Life Points this card allowed a player to Special Summon a Fusion monster.
Cyber-Stein has been the subject of two controversies in the history of the card game. Cyber-Stein was originally printed only for winners of Shonen Jump Championship competitions, with the first card having a bid placed on eBay for over 20,000 US dollars.[3] The buyer did not pay,[3] however and the card was resold for approximately $7,000 USD. The card is now available as a rare in Dark Beginning 2, however this card is banned from most tournaments.
Different types of Snakes
Mythologically, the snake is said to be one of the first reptiles on planet Earth. Here is some information on the types of snakes present in the world.Snakes have played a major role in mythology, the common snake is called the 'snake', whereas any mythological snake can be regarded as a 'serpent'. The term serpent comes from Old French, which means 'to creep'.
Though snakes are generally thought to be poisonous, dangerous and basically a threat to mortality, there are various kinds of snakes, some of them non-poisonous.Venomous, or poisonous snakes use their fangs in its mouth to either kill or immobilize its prey. The snake uses venom and modified saliva to achieve this. There are venomous snakes in every family of snakes.Venomous snakes are classified into four families the Elapids, Viperids, Colubrids and Hydrophiidae.
The Elapids are found in the sub tropical and tropical regions around the world. They have a set of fixed hollow fangs which they use to inject the venom in their victim. Their size ranges from eighteen centimeters to upto five to six meters in length. There are two hundred and thirty one
species in this family. Some Elapids are kraits, king cobras, cobras, mambas, Australian copperheads and coral snakes.
Though snakes are generally thought to be poisonous, dangerous and basically a threat to mortality, there are various kinds of snakes, some of them non-poisonous.Venomous, or poisonous snakes use their fangs in its mouth to either kill or immobilize its prey. The snake uses venom and modified saliva to achieve this. There are venomous snakes in every family of snakes.Venomous snakes are classified into four families the Elapids, Viperids, Colubrids and Hydrophiidae.
The Elapids are found in the sub tropical and tropical regions around the world. They have a set of fixed hollow fangs which they use to inject the venom in their victim. Their size ranges from eighteen centimeters to upto five to six meters in length. There are two hundred and thirty one
species in this family. Some Elapids are kraits, king cobras, cobras, mambas, Australian copperheads and coral snakes.
snakes
Snakes are deadly and they can strike fast but if you don,t harm them they will not harm you.
You can find snakes in diffrent places and conutrys and they can attack with poisonous and after you will die.
You can find snakes in diffrent places and conutrys and they can attack with poisonous and after you will die.
Wednesday 29 July 2009
What food do snakes eat
All snakes are predators. They must locate their prey before they seize it. Snakes will eat whatever they can catch, master, and swallow. Their prey is located by their senses of vision, smell, or thermosensitivity. The food they consume depends upon the animal’s size and the environment where it lives. Rattlesnakes eat rodents such as mice, ground squirrels, and the young of prairie dogs and cottontail rabbits. They also eat other snakes, lizards, birds, and insects. The average snake will consume two to three times its own weight in various food items between the spring and fall months when the snake is away from its winter den.
Edited by Poisonous Snakes
blue eyes white dragon
The blue eyes white dragon is a legendary dragon with blue eyes and white scales and it possesses attack power higher than most dragons in duel monsters and it is one of seto kaibas strongest cards alongwith the blue eyes ultimate dragon.
King Cobra a vicious snake
poisonous snakes are dangerous and their venom is deadly.
Some poisonous snakes are black mambas pit vipers rattlesnakes cobras but the most poisonous snake of them all is the king cobra which is also the worlds largest snake.
Name: King Cobra
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